The K-12 TLC Daily Almanac

for

		FEBRUARY 15

Teaching - there can be no finer calling requiring the clearest demonstration of moral and ethical behavior. Ira Shull, For the Love of Teaching

Why do you teach? Let Us Know.		Tell Us about your most memorable teacher.

Today's 5-Minute Quest

Answers to all questions can be found on this page or by using links provided on this page.
Good Luck!

BEGINNERS

1. In what state was James "Kokomo" Arnold born on this date? (hint: the answer is found on this page)

2. What was the name of the fugitive slave who was rescued from capture on this date in 1850? (hint: the answer is found on this page)

3. According to Just Us Books, from what college did Cheryl Willis Hudson graduate? (hint: you will need to use a link found on this page)

Use all of these letters to spell the name of an author, writer or journalist born on this date:
JAY SOCK FAN

INTERMEDIATE

1. Who was the jazz pianist who died on this date in 1943? (hint: the answer is found on this page)

2. According to the American Nurses Association Nursing Hall of Fame, from what institution did Mary Mahoney graduate? (hint: you will need to use a link found on this page)

3. According to the African American Registry, what was the name of the news magazine founded by Fay Jackson in the late 1920s? (hint: you will need to use a link found on this page)

Use all of these letters to spell the title of a book written by Cheryl Willis Hudson (according to Just Us Books):
GOOFY MONROE SCHOOLMASTER

EXPERT
(hint: all three questions will require you to use a link found on this page)

1. According to PBS, who discovered Sidney Bechet in 1919?

2. According to The History Makers, what organization did Julian Bond help to form in 1960?

3. According to the Valerie Still foundation, on what instrument is Valerie a professional caliber musician?

Use all of these letters to spell the title of a film in which Sidney Bechet appeared (according to Red Hot Jazz):
HAMMER OVER LOON


Cheryl Willis Hudson	Mary Mahoney	Sidney Bechet	Julian Bond	Valerie Still


Gumdrop Day
Canada: National Flag Day (Annual commemoration of the first flying of Canada's red and white maple leaf flag: 02/15/1965)
New York: Susan B. Anthony Day (Since 2005, annual commemoration of the birth of Susan B. Anthony: 02/15/1820)



1904	Richard Chase (Alabama-born Children's Author)
1913	Betty Doyle Boegehold (New York City-born Children's Author)
1928	Norman Bridwell (Indiana-born Children's Author: "Clifford")
1929	Doris Orgel (Austrian-American Children's Author)
1948	Elaine Landau (New Jersey-born Children's Author)
1954	Matt Groening (Oregon-born Graphics Artist, Creator of The Simpsons)

1748	Jeremy Bentham (English Philosopher)
1861	Alfred North Whitehead (English Philosopher, Mathematician)	$Mathematics$
1883	Sax Rohmer (English Writer)
1898	Ibuse Masuji (Japanese Novelist)
1899	Lucy Beatrice Malleson (English Mystery Writer Known as Anthony Gilbert)
1902	Fay Jackson (Texas-born African-American Journalist)
1912	George Mikes (Hungarian-British Author)

1894	Norman Rockwell (New York City-born American Artist)
1948	Art Spiegelman (Swedish-American Underground Cartoonist, Graphic Artist Awarded a Special 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Maus)

1571	Michael Praetorius (German Composer)
1797	Henry Engelhard Steinway (German-American Founder of Steinway Pianos)
1905	Harold Arlen (New York-born Composer: Somewhere Over the Rainbow)
1947	John Adams (Massachusetts-born Composer)
1949	Christopher Rouse (Maryland-born Composer)

1519	Pedro Menendez de Aviles (Spanish Founder of St. Augustine, Florida)
1874	Ernest H Shackleton (Irish Explorer of Antarctica)
1935	Roger B. Chaffee (Michigan-born Astronaut)

1564	Galileo Galilei (Italian Scientist, Astronomer)
1809	Cyrus McCormick (Virginia-born Inventor of the Reaper)
1858	William Henry Pickering (Massachusetts-born Astronomer Who Predicted the Existence of Pluto)
1826	George Johnstone Stoney (Irish Physicist)
1834	William Henry Preece (English Pioneer of the Wireless Telegraph)
1934	Niklaus Wirth (Swiss Computer Programmer, Inventor of PASCAL)

1803	John (Johann Augustus ) Sutter (German-born California Owner of a Mill Where Gold Was Discovered)
1812	Charles Lewis Tiffany (Connecticut-born Founder of Tiffany's Jewelers)
1942	Caroline Robinson Jones (Michigan-born African-American Marketing Executive)

1835	Alexander Stewart Webb (New York-born Union General)
1892	James Forrestal (New York-born U.S. Secretary of Defense)

1822	Henry B. Whipple (New York-born Religious Leader; Minnesota's First Episcopalian Bishop)

1710	Louis XV, King of France
1726	Abraham Clark (New Jersey-born Signer of the Declaration of Independence)
1775	Miguel Ramos Arizpe (Mexican Priest, Lawyer, Diplomat, Politician)
1811	Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Argentine Statesman)
1820	Susan B. Anthony (Massachusetts-born Advocate of Women's Suffrage)
1845	Elihu Root (New York-born Statesman)
1860	Scott Cordelle Bone (Indiana-born 10th American Governor of Alaska)

1882	John Barrymore (Pennsylvania-born Actor)
1901	James "Kokomo" Arnold (Georgia-born Blues Musician)
1907	Cesar Romero (New York City-born Latin-American Actor)
1918	Allan Arbus (New York City-born Actor: Dr. Sidney Freeman, MAS*H)
1927	Harvey Korman (Chicago-born Actor)
1931	Claire Bloom (English Actress)
1951	Jane Seymour (English Actress)
1951	Melissa Manchester (New York City-born Singer)
1964	Chris Farley (Wisconsin-born Comedic Actor)

1897	Earl Henry "Red" Blaik (Detroit-born Coach: Member of the College Football Hall of Fame)
1929	Graham Hill (English Auto Racer)

1905	Lew Wallace (Indiana-born General, Statesman, Author of Ben Hur)
1943	Thomas "Fats" Waller (New York-born African-American Jazz Pianist)
1959	Owen Willans Richardson (English Physicist: 1928 Nobel Laureate for Physics)
1965	Nat "King" Cole (Alabama born African-American Jazz Pianist, Popular Singer)
1966	Father Camilo Torres (Leading Member of Colombia's National Liberation Army)
1967	J. Frank Duryea (Illinois-born Inventor, Automotives Pioneer)
1979	Richmond Pugh Bond (Mississippi-born Educator, Author)
1984	Ethel Merman (New York-born Singer, Actress)
1984	Leamon Hunt (U.S. Diplomat Assassinated in Rome)
1988	Richard Feynman (New York City-born 1965 Nobel Laureate for Physics)
1996	McLean Stevenson (Illinois-born Actor: Colonel Henry Blake in MAS*H)


1665	Moliere's Don Juan Premieres at the Palais Royal, Paris, with the Author Himself in the Role of Sganarelle

1764	St Louis, Missouri Is Founded as French Trading Post by Pierre Laclade Ligue
1776	The Governor of Nova Scotia Warns British of Possible Invasion by the Americans
1790	John Rutledge (SC) Sworn In As Associate Justice of U.S. Supreme Court

1804	New Jersey Is Last Northern State to Abolish Slavery
1805	Clark: at 10 oClock P M. last night the men that dispatched yesterday for the meat, returned and informed us that as they were on their march down at the distance of about 24 miles below the Fort "about 105 Indians which they took to be Souis rushed on them and Cut their horses from the Slays, two of which they carried off in great hast, the 3rd horse was given up to the party by the intersetion of an Indian who assumd Some authority on the accasion, probably more thro' fear of himself or Some of the Indians being killed by our men who were not disposed to be Robed of all they had tamely, they also forced 2 of the mens knives & a tamahawk, the man obliged them to return the tamahawk the knives they ran off with [G Drewyer, Frasure, S Gutterage, & Newmon] with a broken Gun we dispatched two men to inform the mandans, and if any of them chose to pursue those robers, to come down in the morning, and join Capt Lewis who intended to Set out with a party of men verry early, by 12 oClock the Chief of the 2ed Village Big white Came down, and Soon after one other Chief and Several men— The Chief observed that all the young men of the 2 Villages were out hunting, and but verry fiew guns were left,— Capt Lewis Set out at Sunrise with 24 men, to meet those Soues &c. Several Indians accompanied him Some with Bows & arrows Some withe Spears & Battle axes, a 2 with fusees— the morning fine the Thermometer Stood at 16° below 0, Nought, visited by 2 of the Big Bellies [Hidatsa or Gross Ventre Indians] this evening,— one Chief of the Mandans returned from Capt Lewises Party nearly blind— this Complaint is as I am infomd. Common at this Season of the year and caused by the reflection of the Sun on the ice & Snow, it is cured by "jentilley Swetting the part affected by throweng Snow on a hot Stone" [Snowblindness is the result of the sun's reflecting off snow causing serious irritation to unprotected eyes.] verry Cold part of the night— one man Killed a verry large Red Fox to day Ordway: about 2 OClock last night the 4 men who dispatched yesterday returned and informed us that they were Stoped about 25 mls. down the River by about 105 of the Souix Savages, they emediately Seized the horses cut of the collars (hooping and yelling) jurked the halters from one to another through Several hands. then they jumped on two of them and rode of uppon the run, our men with much difficulty kept the Gray mare which had a coalt at the Fort. one of the horses which they took was a fine large Gilding which belong to one of the N. W. Compy. tradors by the name of Mackinzie— the other was a publick horse as soon as we was informed of this Capt Lewis and 20 odd of the party vollunterily to go and fight. Sent word up to the 1st village to See if they would turn out the head chief & a nomber of warries came emediately to the Fort. we Got ready to Start directly but did not set out untill after Sunrise I then Set out with Capt Lewis and 20 odd more of the party. Several warries of the Mandans Set out with us but their was only 3 or 4 remained with us the whole day. we walked about 18 mls. and halted. Got Some meat that our hunters had left hanging upon a tree & boiled & eat Some then proceeded on to the place where the horses was taken. we found a Sled their which they had cut the horse out of. found also a nomber pair of moccasons at their camp. we took the Sled and proceeded on their trale untill late in the evening. we then arived at 2 old Indian lodges which we Some expected to find them their we sent in a Spy but found none so we went to the lodges and Slept all night Some of the mens feet were sore walking 30 odd mls. on the Ice to day.—
1806	Lewis: Drewyer and Whitehouse set out this morning on a hunting excurtion towards the praries of Point Adams. we have heard our hunters over the Netul fire several shot today, but have had no account from them as yet. about 3 P. M. Bratton arrived from the salt works and informed us that Serjt. Pryor and party were on their way with Gibson who is so much reduced that he cannot stand alone and that they are obliged to carry him in a litter. Bratton himself appears much reduced with his late indisposition but is now recovering fast. Bratton informed that the cause of Serjt. Pryor's delay was attributeable to the winds which had been so violent for several days as to render it impossible to get a canoe up the creek to the point where it was necessary to pass with Gibson. the S. W. winds are frequently very violent on the coast when we are but little sensible of them at Fort Clatsop. in consequence of the lofty and thickly timbered fir country which surrounds us on that quarter from the South to the North East.— after dark Serjt. Pryor arrived with Gibson. we are much pleased in finding him by no means as ill as we had expected. we do no conceive him in danger by any means, tho' he has yet a fever and is much reduced. we beleive his disorder to have orriginated in a violent cold which he contracted in hunting and pursuing Elk and other game through the swams and marshes about the salt works. he is nearly free from pain tho' a gooddeel reduced and very languid. we gave him broken dozes of diluted nitre and made him drink plentifully of sage tea, had his feet bathed in warm water and at 9 P. M. gave him 35 drops of laudanum The quadrupeds of this country from the Rocky Mountains to the pacific Ocean are 1st the domestic animals, consisting of the horse and the dog only; 2cdly the native wild animals consisting of the Brown white or grizly bear, (which I beleive to be the same family with a mearly accedental difference in point of colour) the black bear, the common red deer, the black tailed fallow deer, the Mule deer, Elk, the large brown wolf, the small woolf of the plains, the large wolf of the plains, the tiger cat, the common red fox, black fox or fisher, silver fox, large red fox of the plains, small fox of the plains or kit fox, Antelope, sheep, beaver, common otter, sea Otter, mink, spuck, seal, racoon, large grey squirrel, small brown squirrel, small grey squirrel, ground squirrel, sewelel, Braro, rat, mouse, mole, Panther, hare, rabbit, and polecat or skunk. all of which shall be severally noticed in the order in which they occur as well as shuch others as I learn do exist and which not been here recapitulated. The horse is confined principally to the nations inhabiting the great plains of Columbia. in this extesive tract of principally untimbered country so far as we have leant the following nations reside (viz) the Sosone or snake Indians, the Chopunnish, sokulks, Cutssahnims, Chymnapums, Ehelutes, Eneshuh & Chilluckkittequaws. all of whom enjoy the bennefit of that docile, generous and valuable anamal the horse, and all of them except the three last have immence numbers of them. Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty eligantly formed active and durable; in short many of them look like the fine English coarsers and would make a figure in any country. some of those horses are pided [pied] with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey or some other dark colour, [The spotted Appaloosa, of which the Nez Perces and some other northwestern tribes were particularly fond] but much the larger portion are of an uniform colour with stars snips and white feet, or in this rispect marked much like our best blooded horses in virginia, which they resemble as well in fleetness and bottom as in form and colours. the natives suffer them to run at large in the plains, the grass of which furnishes them with their only subsistence their masters taking no trouble to lay in a winters store for them, but they even keep fat if not much used on the dry grass of the plains during the winter. no rain scarcely ever falls in these plains and the grass is short and but thin. The natives appear to take no pains in scelecting their male horses from which they breed, in short those of that discription which I have noticed appeared much the most indifferent. whether the horse was orrigeonally a native of this country or not it is out of my power to determine as we can not understand the language of the natives sufficiently to ask the question. at all events the country and climate appears well adapted to this anamal. horses are said to be found wild in many parts of this extensive plain country. the several tribes of Sosones who reside towards Mexico have also a great number of mules, which among the Indians I find are much more highly prized than horses. an eligant horse may be purchased of the natives in this country for a few beads or other paltry trinkets which in the U' States would not cost more than one or two dollars. This abundance and cheapness of horses will be extremely advantageous to those who may hereafter attemt the fir trade to the East Indies by way of the Columbia river and the Pacific Ocean.— the mules in the possession of the Indians are principally stolen from the Spaniards of Mexeco; they appear to be large and fine such as we have seen. Among the Sosonesof the upper part of the S. E. fork of the Columbia we saw several horses with spanish brands on them which we supposed had been stolen from the inhabitants of Mexeco.— Whitehouse: A clear morning. In the Evening the party returned from the Salt works. they brought with them the 2 Sick Men, One of which they were forced to bring in a blanket, to & from the boat; the other Man came with one of the party by land. the Man who was brought in a blankett was very sick. These Men were taken good care of, & supplied with every necessary that we had in the fort. Two of our Men were sent out from the fort a hunting this day.—
1812	The Wilson Hunt Expedition Arrives in Astoria, Oregon
1837	The First Post Office Opens in Madison, Wisconsin
1839	The Delaware General Assembly Enacts Legislation Requiring Upwards of 39 Lashes and 7 Years Imprisonment for Negroes Convicted of Larceny
1846	An Estimated 2,000 Mormons Escape Illinois to Safety in Iowa by Crossing the Frozen Mississippi River
1851	Abolitionists Rescue Fugitive Slave, Shadrach Minkins, From Capture
1852	First Settlers Begin the Development of Seattle, Washington
1852	The First Patient Is Admitted to London's Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children
1854	Alabama Establishes a Statewide Public School System
1860	Wheaton College Is Chartered
1861	President Lincoln's Train Departs Pittsburgh in Rain, Arrives in Cleveland in the Snow
1861	First Federal Troops Occupy San Francisco's Fort Point to Defend the Bay from Invasion
1862	Grant Launches Major Assault on Ft. Donelson, TN
1863	President Lincoln Studies Union Plans to Attack Charleston, South Carolina
1866	Snow Drifts Up to 20' Bury Barns in Western Minnesota
1870	In Carlton, Minnesota, the Northern Pacific Railroad Breaks Ground on the First Transcontinental Rail Line Owned by a Single Company
1871	West Virginia's Legislature Authorizes a Commission to Confer with Virginia Regarding Each State's Portion of the Virginia Debt
1876	State of Texas Adopts Its 6th and Current Constitution
1879	President Hayes Signs Bill Allowing Women to Argue Cases Before Supreme Court
1883	The First Issue of the Halifax Journal, Daytona, Florida's First Newspaper, Is Printed
1888	Hoxie, Arkansas Is Incorporated
1894	French Terrorist Dies Attempting to Blow Up the British Royal Observatory at Greenwich
1897	Ferdinand Braun Publishes Paper Describing the First Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
1898	The Battleship Maine Blows Up in Havana Harbor

1903	Rose Michtom Creates Toy Bear Called "Teddy" in Honor of President Roosevelt
1913	New York Armory Show Introduces Americans to Modern Art
1913	Tacoma, Washington's Eleventh Street Vertical-lift Bridge Opens Across the City Waterway
1915	Indian Troops Mutiny in Singapore
1925	William Faulkner Publishes "Damon and Pythias Unlimited" in the New Orleans Times-Picayune
1932	Bobsledder/Boxer Eddie Eagen Only Winter/Summer Olympic Gold Medalist
1932	George Burns and Gracie Allen Make Their U.S. Radio Debut
1933	Chicago's Mayor Is Killed in Miami, Florida by Bullet Meant for President-elect Franklin Roosevelt
1934	Congress Approves President Franklin Roosevelt's Civil Works Emergency Relief Act
1934	Ella Fitzgerald Is "Discovered" While Performing at Harlem's Apollo Theater
1936	Norway's Sonja Henie Wins Third Olympic Figure Skating Gold Medal
1936	The State of Florida Acquires the First Parcel of Land for the Gold Head Branch State Park
1938	The Unvanquished by William Faulkner Is Published by Random House
1940	American Music Center, a Library and Information Center for American Composers, Is Founded in New York City
1942	British Forces in Singapore Surrender to the Japanese
1943	Wiley B. Rutledge (KY) Sworn In As Associate Justice of U.S. Supreme Court
1946	ENIAC, the World's First Electronic Computer, Is Put into Service

1950	USSR and Communist China Announce Mutual Defense and Assistance Treaty
1950	Walt Disney's Animated Feature Cinderella Opens
1951	First Atomic Reactor for Medical Therapy Placed into Operation in New York
1952	England's King George VI Is Buried At Windsor Castle
1952	Georgia's Governor Authorizes Purchase of Stone Mountain for Development of a Confederate Memorial Park
1954	French Research Submersible F.N.R.S. 3 Dives to 13,257' Off the Coast of Senegal
1954	Augusta, Georgia's WRDW-TV, a CBS affiliate, Goes on the Air
1956	A's & Pirates Cancel Birmingham, AL Exhibition Due to Local Race Ordinance
1961	Belgian Jet Crashes Killing U.S. Figure Skating Team and 39 Others
1964	International Labour Organization (ILO) Suspends South Africa for Racism and Forced Labour
1965	The Maple Leaf Flag Officially Becomes the New National Flag of Canada
1966	Charles DeGaulle Offers to Help End Vietnam War
1970	"Chicago Eight" Defense Attorneys Sentenced
1971	Great Britain Converts Its Currency to the Decimal System	$Decimals$
1978	Leon Spinks Defeats Muhammad Ali for World Heavyweight Championship
1980	Wayne Gretzky Ties NHL Record with Seven Assists
1981	Richard Petty Wins the Daytona 500 for the Seventh Time
1984	U.S. Diplomat, Leamon Hunt, Is Assassinated in Rome by the Red Brigades
1986	British Police Clash with Members of the Striking Printers Union
1989	Soviets Complete Troop Withdrawal from Afghanistan After 10 Years Occupation
1994	7.0 Magnitude Earthquake Kills 207 in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia
1998	Dale Earnhardt Wins the Daytona 500

2000	Washington's Suquamish Tribe Begins Commercial Clam Harvest on Private non-Indian Land
2002	President Bush Approves Nevada's Yucca Mountain for Nuclear Waste Disposal
2002	Canadian Figure Skaters Awarded Gold Medals to Correct Scoring Fraud

FEBRUARY 15