Forces and Motion

• Strand 3: Physical Science, Standard 6: Motion and Forces:

• Grade 2:

• PS.6.2.1: Investigate the relationship between force and motion.

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• Grade 4:

• PS.6.4.1: Investigate the relationship between force and direction.
• PS.6.4.2: Investigate the relationship between force and mass.

• Grade 8:
• Forces: Unbalanced forces cause changes in velocity. As a basis for understanding this concept:

• Students know a force has both direction and magnitude.
• Students know when the forces on an object are balanced the motion of the object does not change.
• Students know that when the forces on an object are unbalanced, the object will change its velocity (that is, it will speed up, slow down, or change direction).
• Students know the greater the mass of an object, the more force is needed to achieve the same rate of change in motion.
• Students know the role of gravity in forming and maintaining the shapes of planets, stars, and the solar system.

• Grades 3-5:
• Force and Motion:

Standard 1: The student understands that types of motion may be described, measured, and predicted. (SC.C.1.2)

Standard 2: The student understands that the types of force that act on an object and the effect of that force can be described, measured, and predicted. (SC.C.2.2)

1. recognizes that forces of gravity, magnetism, and electricity operate simple machines.

2. knows that an object may move in a straight line at a constant speed, speed up, slow down, or change direction dependent on net force acting on the object.

3. knows that the more massive an object is, the less effect a given force has.

4. knows that the motion of an object is determined by the overall effect of all of the forces acting on the object.

• Grade 4:

• 5. identify that the position of an object can be described by its location relative to another object and its motions described, and measured by external forces action upon it
• Grade 8:

• 5. describe and explain the motion of an object in terms of its position, direction, & speed as well as the forces acting upon it

• Grade 4:

• 4.3.2 By the end of fourth grade, students will develop an understanding of the position and motion of objects.

• Sample Indicators:

• Use reference points to describe the position of an object.
• Describe an object's motion by tracing its position over time.
• Demonstrate that the position and motion of objects can be changed by pushing or pulling.

• Grade 8:

• 8.3.2: By the end of eighth grade, students will develop an understanding of motion and forces.

• Sample Indicators:

• Investigate and describe the motion of an object by its position, direction of motion, and speed.
• Investigate and demonstrate that the speed and/or direction of an object changes when a force is applied to that object.

• Grade 5:
2.01 Identify and analyze forces that cause change in landforms over time including.
• Water and Ice.


• Wind.


• Gravity.

4.02 Evaluate how pushing or pulling forces can change the position and motion of an object.

4.04 Determine that an unbalanced force is needed to move an object or change its direction.

4.05 Determine factors that affect motion including:

• Force
• Friction.
• Inertia.
• Momentum.

• Grades 3-5:
By the end of the 3-5 program:
C. Describe the forces that directly affect objects and their motion.
• Grades 6-8:
By the end of the 6-8 program:
B. In simple cases, describe the motion of objects and conceptually describe the effects of forces on an object.

D. Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems.

• Common Curriculum Goals: Understand fundamental forces, their forms, and their effects on motion.
• Content Standards: Describe fundamental forces and the motions resulting from them.

• Benchmark 1 - Grade 3: Describe an object's position and how to affect its movement.
• Benchmark 2 - Grade 5:

  • Describe and compare the motion of objects.
  • Recognize and describe the motion of an object in terms of one or more forces acting on it.

• Benchmark 3 - Grade 8:

  • Explain interactions between force and matter and relationships among force, mass, and motion.
  • Recognize and describe the motion of an object based on its mass and the force exerted on it.
  • Explain inertia.

• CIM/CAM:

  • Describe and explain the effects of multiple forces acting on an object.
  • Predict the change in direction or speed of an object by changing the forces acting on it.
  • Recognize that equal and opposite forces occur when one object exerts a force on another.
  • Describe the forces acting on an object, based on the motion of that object.

• 3.4. Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics:
3.4.4. Grade 4:

C. Observe and describe different types of force and motion.

• Describe various types of motions.
• Compare the relative movement of objects and describe types of motion that are evident.

• Grade 5:
(3.6) Science concepts. The student knows that forces cause change. The student is expected to
(A) measure and record changes in the position and direction of the motion of an object to which a force such as a push or pull has been applied.
(B) identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers.

(3.11, 4.11, 5.12) Science concepts. The student knows that the natural world includes earth materials and objects in the sky. The student is expected to

(A) interpret how land forms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces such as deposition of sediment and weathering


Students placed two identical toy cars on these wooden ramps. The students let the cars roll down the ramps.

21 This experiment most likely tests the hypothesis that —

• A ramps made of wood make cars roll faster
• B* the height of the ramp affects the speed of the car
• C the speed of the car is determined by tire size
• D plastic cars travel faster than metal cars

22 What causes these cars to move down the ramps?

• A Electricity
• B* A force that pulls
• C Magnets
• D A force that lifts

• Grades 3-5:

1.3.1. Understand forces in terms of strength and direction

1.3.2. Understand that forces can change the motion of common objects.

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• Grade 7:

1.3.1. Understand factors that affect the strength and direction of forces.

1.3.2. Understand how balanced and unbalanced forces can change the motion of objects